Hiki i ka Mitochondria ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻike ma ka hana ʻana i ka puaʻa i loko o nā cell cone i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopu ʻana i ka mālamalama

ʻO nā puʻupuʻu mitochondria (melemele) i loko o nā cones photoreceptor gopher ke pāʻani i kahi hana i manaʻo ʻole ʻia i ka nānā pono ʻana o ke kukui diffuse ('ālohilohi mai lalo) (ke kukui uliuli).Hiki i kēia ʻano hana ʻike ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻike ma ka hana ʻana i nā puaʻa i loko o nā cell cone i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopu ʻana i ka mālamalama.

Ke nānā nei kekahi makika iā ʻoe ma o ka microlens array.Huli ʻoe i kou poʻo, paʻa i ka lele lele ma kou lima, a nānā i ka vampire me kou maka haʻahaʻa.Akā, uaʻikeʻia e hiki iāʻoe keʻike i kekahi i kekahi - a me ka honua - ma mua o kou manaʻo.

Ua ʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina i paʻi ʻia i ka mahina i hala ma ka puke moʻolelo Science Advances i loko o ka maka mammalian, mitochondria, cell-nourishing organelles, hiki ke lawe i ka lua microlens kuleana, e kōkua ana i ka nānā ʻana i ka mālamalama i nā photopigments, ua hoʻololi kēia mau puaʻa i ka mālamalama i mau hōʻailona nerve no ka lolo e. wehewehe.Hōʻike nā ʻike i nā ʻano like like ʻole ma waena o nā maka mammalian a me nā maka hui pū o nā inika a me nā arthropods ʻē aʻe, e hōʻike ana he paʻakikī paʻakikī ko mākou mau maka ponoʻī a ua hana ka evolution i kahi ʻāpana kahiko loa o kā mākou anatomy cellular i loaʻa no nā hoʻohana hou.

ʻO ka lens ma ke alo o ka maka e kālele ana i ka mālamalama mai ke kaiapuni ma luna o kahi ʻāpana kikokikona ma hope, i kapa ʻia ʻo retina.Ma laila, nā pūnaewele photoreceptor - nā cones e kala i ko mākou honua a me nā koʻokoʻo e kōkua iā mākou e hoʻokele i ka mālamalama haʻahaʻa - e hoʻomoʻi i ka mālamalama a hoʻololi i nā hōʻailona neural e hele i ka lolo.Akā aia nā photopigments ma ka hope loa o nā photoreceptors, ma hope koke o ka pūʻolo mitochondrial mānoanoa.ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho ʻokoʻa o kēia puʻupuʻu e hoʻohuli i ka mitochondria i mea ʻaʻole pono e hoʻopuehu māmā.

ʻO Mitochondria ka "pale hope" i nā ʻāpana māmā, wahi a Wei Li, ka mea noiʻi kiʻekiʻe ma ka National Eye Institute a me ka mea kākau alakaʻi o ka pepa.No nā makahiki he nui, ʻaʻole hiki i ka poʻe ʻepekema hihiʻo ke hoʻomaopopo i kēia hoʻonohonoho ʻokoʻa o kēia mau organelles - ma hope o nā mea a pau, pili ka mitochondria o ka hapa nui o nā cell i kā lākou organelle waena - ka nucleus.

Ua manaʻo kekahi poʻe ʻepekema ʻaʻole i mamao loa kēia mau kukuna mai kahi i hoʻololi ʻia ai nā hōʻailona māmā i nā hōʻailona neural, kahi kaʻina hana ikaika e hiki ai i ka ikehu ke puhi maʻalahi a hāʻawi koke ʻia.Akā, ua hoʻomaka ka noiʻi e hōʻike ʻaʻole pono nā photoreceptors e like me ka nui o ka mitochondria no ka ikehu - akā, hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa hou ka ikehu ma ke kaʻina hana i kapa ʻia ʻo glycolysis, ka mea i hana ʻia i loko o ka cytoplasm gelatinous o ka cell.

Ua aʻo ʻo Lee a me kāna hui e pili ana i ke kuleana o kēia mau ʻāpana mitochondrial ma o ka nānā ʻana i nā cell cone o kahi gopher, kahi mammal liʻiliʻi i ʻike maikaʻi i ke ao akā makapō maoli i ka pō no ka mea ʻaʻole nui ka nui o kāna cone photoreceptors.

Ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā hoʻohālikelike kamepiula e hiki ke loaʻa i nā pūʻolo mitochondrial nā waiwai optical, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Lee a me kāna hui i nā hoʻokolohua ma nā mea maoli.Ua hoʻohana lākou i nā hiʻohiʻona lahilahi o ka retina squirrel, a ua wehe ʻia ka hapa nui o nā cell koe wale nō kekahi mau cones, no laila "loaʻa lākou i kahi ʻeke mitochondria" i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi membrane, wahi a Lee.

Ma ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana i kēia laʻana a me ka nānā pono ʻana iā ia ma lalo o kahi microscope confocal kūikawā i hoʻolālā ʻia e John Ball, he kanaka ʻepekema ma Lee's lab a alakaʻi kumu o ka noiʻi, ua loaʻa iā mākou kahi hopena i manaʻo ʻole ʻia.ʻIke ʻia ka mālamalama e hele ana ma ke kukui mitochondrial ma ke ʻano he kukui ʻōlinolino.Ua lawe nā mea noiʻi i nā kiʻi a me nā wikiō o ka mālamalama e komo ana i ka pōʻeleʻele ma o kēia mau microlenses, kahi e kali ai nā photopigments i nā holoholona ola.

ʻO ka pūʻulu mitochondrial ka mea nui, ʻaʻole ia he mea keakea, akā i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka mālamalama e like me ka hiki i nā photoreceptors me ka liʻiliʻi o ka pohō, wahi a Li.

I ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā simulation, ua hōʻoia ʻo ia a me kāna mau hoa hana i ka hopena o ka lens ma muli o ka pūʻulu mitochondrial ponoʻī, ʻaʻole na ka membrane a puni ia (ʻoiai ke pāʻani nei ka membrane).Ua kōkua pū kekahi ʻano o ka moʻolelo kūlohelohe o ka gopher iā lākou e hōʻike i ke ʻano o ka pūʻolo mitochondrial he mea koʻikoʻi ia i kona hiki ke nānā aku: i nā mahina e moe ai ka gopher, ʻano ʻino a emi kona mau pūʻulu mitochondrial.I ka wā i hoʻohālike ai nā mea noiʻi i ka mea e hana ai ke hele ka mālamalama i ka pūʻolo mitochondrial o kahi squirrel lepo moe, ua ʻike lākou ʻaʻole ia e hoʻomāhuahua i ka mālamalama e like me ka wā e kikoo ʻia a kauoha nui ʻia.

I ka wā ma mua, ua ʻōlelo ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻē aʻe e hiki i nā pūʻulu mitochondrial ke kōkua i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka mālamalama i loko o ka retina, wahi a Janet Sparrow, ke kaukaʻi o ka ophthalmology ma Columbia University Medical Center.Eia naʻe, he mea ʻē ka manaʻo: “Ua ʻakaʻaka kekahi poʻe e like me aʻu me ka ʻōlelo ʻana, 'E hele mai, loaʻa anei iā ʻoe kēlā mitochondria he nui e alakaʻi i ka mālamalama?'- wahi āna."He palapala maoli ia e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai - a maikaʻi loa ia."

Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei ʻo Lee a me kāna mau hoa hana i ka mea a lākou i ʻike ai i nā gophers hiki ke hana ʻia i loko o nā kānaka a me nā primates ʻē aʻe, he ʻano pyramidal like loa.Manaʻo lākou e wehewehe paha ia i kahi hanana i wehewehe mua ʻia i ka makahiki 1933 i kapa ʻia ʻo Stiles-Crawford effect, kahi i manaʻo ʻia ai ka mālamalama e hele ana i waenakonu o ka haumāna ma mua o ka mālamalama e hele ana ma kahi kihi.Ma muli o ka hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ke kukui kikowaena i ka pūpū mitochondrial, manaʻo ka poʻe noiʻi e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka nānā ʻana i ka puaʻa cone.Manaʻo lākou ʻo ke ana ʻana i ka hopena Stiles-Crawford hiki ke kōkua i ka ʻike mua ʻana i nā maʻi retinal, ka nui o ia mau mea e alakaʻi i ka pōʻino mitochondrial a me nā loli.Ua makemake ka hui o Lee e nānā i ka ʻokoʻa o ke kukui o ka mitochondria maʻi.

He "hoʻohālike hoʻokolohua nani" a he mea hou loa i ʻike ʻia, wahi a Yirong Peng, he loea kōkua ophthalmology ma UCLA ʻaʻole i komo i ka noiʻi.He mea hoihoi ia ke ʻike inā hiki i kēia mau pūʻulu mitochondrial ke hana i loko o nā koʻokoʻo e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻike pō, hoʻohui ʻo Peng.

Ma ka liʻiliʻi i loko o nā cones, hiki i kēia mitochondria ke hoʻololi i nā microlenses no ka mea ua hana ʻia ko lākou mau membrane me nā lipids e hoʻohuli maoli i ka mālamalama, wahi a Lee."ʻO ia ka mea maikaʻi loa no ka hiʻona."

Loaʻa ka lipid i kēia hana ma kahi ʻē aʻe o ke ʻano.I loko o nā manu a me nā mea kolo, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā hale i kapa ʻia he ʻaila droplets i loko o ka retina e lilo ana i kānana kala, akā manaʻo ʻia hoʻi e hana like me nā microlenses, e like me nā pūʻolo mitochondrial.Ma kahi hihia nui o ka hoʻololi ʻana, nā manu e hoʻopuni ana ma luna o ke poʻo, nā makika e hoʻopuʻu ana a puni kā lākou meaʻai kanaka maikaʻi, heluhelu ʻoe i kēia me nā hiʻohiʻona optical kūpono i ulu kūʻokoʻa - nā hoʻololi e hoʻowalewale i nā mea nānā.Ke hele mai nei kahi honua mālamalama a mālamalama.

'Ōlelo a ka Lunahooponopono: Ua loaʻa iā Yirong Peng ke kākoʻo o ka Klingenstein-Simons Fellowship, kahi papahana i kākoʻo ʻia e ka Simons Foundation, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kālā i kēia nūpepa hoʻoponopono kūʻokoʻa.ʻAʻole pili ka hoʻoholo kālā a ka Simmons Foundation i kā mākou hōʻike.

Hoʻoponopono: ʻApelila 6, 2022 Ua ʻike mua ʻia ke poʻo inoa o ke kiʻi nui i ke kala o nā pūʻolo mitochondrial he poni ma mua o ka melemele.Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻulaʻula poni me ka membrane e hoʻopuni ana i ka pūpū.
Hoʻoponopono ʻo Quanta magazine i nā loiloi e hoʻolaha i kahi kamaʻilio ʻike, kūpono a makaʻala.E hōʻole ʻia nā manaʻo ʻinoʻino, ʻōlelo hōʻino, hoʻokiʻekiʻe ponoʻī, alakaʻi hewa, ʻike ʻole, a i ʻole kumuhana.Wehe ʻia nā mea hoʻoponopono i nā hola ʻoihana maʻamau (manawa New York) a hiki ke ʻae wale i nā manaʻo i kākau ʻia ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania.